Анкета: Профессиональные шутки, приметы и поговорки Full text in Russian: Сравнительная этнография профессий.
Shchepanskaia, T.B. Comparative Ethnography of Professions/Occupations in Russia, XX – beg. XXI centuries. S.-Petersburg: “Nauka”, 2010 (the scientific monograph, about 300 pages, language — Russian).

Shchepanskaia, T.B. Comparative Ethnography of Professions/Occupations in Russia, XX – beg.
XXI centuries. S.-Petersburg: “Nauka”, 2010 (the scientific monograph, about 300 pages, language — Russian).

CONTENTS
Introduction
OCCUPATION IN ETHNOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE: COMMUNITY,
SYMBOLISM AND INFORMAL TRADITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1. Profession, occupation, trade: to concept definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2. Anthropological research of occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3. Professional and occupational community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4. Informal relations, social control and economy
transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5. Occupational tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6. Discussions about a subculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7. A lacuna: difficulties in studying up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
8. Modeling of occupational tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
9. Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
10. Work structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Chapter 1
OCCUPATION, TRADITION AND SOCIAL CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1. Social control and an autonomy of professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2. Instances of control and the control forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3. Social control and informal traditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4. Ethnography of disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5. Risk mythology as reinforcement system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6. System of actualization of mythology of risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Chapter 2
OCCUPATIONAL SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
1. A place of work and occupational space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
2. Necrosymbolization in dedication practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3. Risk space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4. Space of control (rationing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5. Expanded space: a trade and road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Chapter 3
BODY AND OCCUPATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
1. A profession as “illness” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
2. A profession as stigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3. A body in risk space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4. Attributes of an occupation: body “completion” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5. Representation of identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6. Symbolical protection (border). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
7. The knowledge embodied in things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
8. Animization of toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
9. Body expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
365
Chapter 4
SPACE PERSONIFICATION: BODY PROJECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
1. Founding fathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
2. Idols of a field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
3. Monuments and others anthropomorphic figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4. Cats on work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Chapter 5
INFORMALIZATION OF SPACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
1. “Domestication” of space of work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
2. Smoking and toilet rooms: informal borders and groupings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
3. A feast: practice of informalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4. The situations noted by a feast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5. Occupational symbols — identity markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
6. A feast and community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7. A feast and self-control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Chapter 6
TRADITION AND THE STATUS OF THE PROFESSIONAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
1. Object designing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
2. The status of the professional as derivative of object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
3. Identification experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
4. A distancing from object (a taboo on identification) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
5. The professional — the client: the azygomorphous
communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
6. The professional — the client: “energy”, “atmosphere”
and social control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7. Professional or occupational milieu:
tradition, competition and cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Chapter 7
GENDER DESIGNS IN THE INFORMAL DISCOURSE OF TRADES . . . . . 274
1. Professionalism and masculinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
2. Man’s identification of the professional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
3. Toolkit: a gender projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
4. Taboo on the female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
5. The mythologema of “defeminization” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
6. “Female” trades: feminity and subordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
The conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Field materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
The list of collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
The bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Publications in a press and Internet sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Reductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360


Comparative Ethnography of Professions/Occupations in Russia, XX – beg.
XXI centuries (the scientific monograph, about 300 pages, language — Russian)
The monograph is written on the materials of empirical ethnographic research
of informal professional/occupational traditions in Russia (second half XX — the
beginnings of XXI centuries).
The basis of the monograph is the empirical data collected by the author during
1998–2009 as a result of ethnographic research in various professional environments,
mainly in St.-Petersburg. The basic methods — participant observation and
in-depth not formalized interview, group interviews, video and photo of places of
professional work and its attributes. Gathering of data was spent both by the author,
and by students, who worked under the program developed by the author — within
the educational courses «Anthropological practical work», «Anthropology
of occupations» and «City Anthropology» at the department of sociology of
St.-Petersburg State University, and also «the Gender and Subcultures»,
«Anthropology of Work», etc. — in Smolny institute (then the department
of philology and arts and now the department of liberal arts and sciences of
St.-Petersburg State University).
Have been collected systematical empirical data (the visual data, transcripts of
interview and the participant observation) more than about two tens employment
and fragmented data about many others. The author selected those occupations
where to some extent existed a concept of professionalism and professional
identity. For selection of employment the ethnographic method is used —
presence of an object of research (informal tradition, professional identity and
representations of workers about the employment as demanding professionalism)
was important.
Representation of the empirical data is preceded by theoretical introduction.
In it different variants of definition of concepts of occupation, profession,
professional community etc. are in detail considered, borders and specificity of the
anthropological approach are outlined and necessity of redefinition of the concepts
taking into account cultural specificity is proved. The author considers professional
community as a variant of “imagined community”, or more precisely,
applies model of “imagined community” to the description of various social
processes among professionals.
Empirical basis of work are about two and a half hundreds of in-depth
interviews, the materials of the participant observation, a collection of visual data.
Biographic texts as sources were used also: papers (autobiographies of inhabitants
of St.-Petersburg written in 1990–2009) of Biographic fund of Sociological institute
of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the published memoirs of professionals
in various fields of activity. Were involved as well Internet publications (the sites
supported by professional or student’s communities where there was a professional
folklore). Materials on various fields of activity are analyzed, criteria and symbols
of professional identity, the professional environment, the communicative
practices, some invariant features of everyday life of professional community are
defined. In the monograph comparative studying of traditions of the different
occupations has been undertaken. Construction of model of professional informal
tradition as special phenomenon was its purpose. The general themes reproduced
in different professional environments are revealed. The generality is found out as
at symbolical level (symbolic and its interpretations), and at level of social
regulation (norm, customs, behavior stereotypes, ways of their reinforcement and
reproduction).
The first part (chapter 1–5) of the book — ethnographic — is devoted to
semiotics of daily experience: situations when its separate elements become
significant are considered, receive interpretation and act as means or mediators in
daily interactions. Here the supervision connected with semiotics of a body, space
and attributes of an occupation are presented. It is a question not only of their
interpretations “from within” traditions, but also about their pragmatics —
in particular, roles which these layers of symbolic play designing of professional
identity.
In the second part of the book (chapter 6–7) the analysis of ethnographic
materials about informal traditions from the point of view of their pragmatiсs is
carried out. We consider a role of symbolical/discoursive constructions of
“professionalism” in a context of relations of the power and the social control.
Spheres of social regulation in which the symbolical constructions revealed in
ethnographic research are involved are considered. Heads of this part are devoted
a role of symbolical aspects of daily practices in processes of cultural designing of
relations of the professional to object of its activity, clients (consumers), his/her
places in community of colleagues and a position concerning external instances
of the power. Here we move from the point of view of the participating observer
to a position of the external researcher, analyzing functioning of the revealed
symbolical forms not so much from the point of view of the tradition carrier, how
many from the point of view of representations about structure of professional
interactions and distribution of the social control.
The results of empirical research were used in teaching courses on the urban
anthropology, the anthropology of work, gender anthropology, and also for the
organization of research practice of the students who have selected the program
«Sociology and anthropology» in Smolny college (now the department of liberal
arts and sciences) in St.-Petersburg State University. The work has interdisciplinary
character, combining approaches of sociology, ethnography and anthropology,
cultural and gender studies, discourse researches.

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